Timeline: Past and Present Company

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	Date	Event(s)
1	1796	Pitt's "Reign of Terror": More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate Legacy Tax on sums over Â£20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents 14 May 1796: Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
2	1797	England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press 22 Feb 1797: French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later 26 Feb 1797: First Â£1 (and Â£2) notes issued by Bank of England
3	1798	First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner Feb 1798: The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct) 1 Aug 1798: Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
4	1799	Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 9 Jan 1799: Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure 12 Jul 1799: 'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations 15 Jul 1799: "Rosetta Stone" discovered in Egypt, made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
5	1800	Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) Royal College of Surgeons founded Herschel discovers infra-red light Volta makes first electrical battery 2 Jul 1800: Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland
6	1801	Grand Union Canal opens in England Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1 Jan 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag 10 Mar 1801: First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 24 Dec 1801: Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
7	1802	25 Mar 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands - the "Peace of Amiens," as it was known, brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars - one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
8	1803	Poaching made a Capital offence in England if capture resisted Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus Semaphore signalling perfected by Admiral Popham 30 Apr 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803—1815: Peace of Amiens ends - resumption of war with France - The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 Jul 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
9	1804	Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed "Australia" 21 Feb 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) â€“ this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of a Â£2.00 coin. 3 Mar 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 Dec 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 Dec 1804: Spain declares war on Britain
10	1805	London docks opened 21 Oct 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 2 Dec 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
11	1806	Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 9 Jan 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
12	1807	25 Mar 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 â€“ but does not prohibit colonial slavery
13	1808	Gas lighting in London streets 13 Jul 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' â€“ temperature of 101Â°F in the shade recorded in London 20 Dec 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
14	1809	12 Feb 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 18 Sep 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
15	1810	John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
16	1811	5 Feb 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
17	1812	11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated â€“ shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 18 Jun 1812: Start of American "War of 1812" (to 1814) against England and Canada Oct 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
18	1813	Ireland: First recorded "12th of July" sectarian riots in Belfast Jane Austen wrote "Pride and Prejudice"
19	1814	1 Jan 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 6 Apr 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 13 Aug 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 Aug 1814: The British burn the White House 29 Nov 1814: "The Times" first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1,100 sheets per hour) 24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
20	1815	Trial by Jury established in Scotland Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 18 Jun 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
21	1816	Income tax abolished For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value â€“ the first official 'token' coinage Climate: the 'year without a summer' â€“ followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain "Tambora" in Indonesia the previous year, the biggest volcanic explosion in 10,000 years Large scale emigration to North America Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
22	1817	March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended Constable painted "Flatford Mill"
23	1818	Manchester cotton spinners' strike 20 Oct 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
24	1819	Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular Britain returns to gold standard Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles May 1819: SS "Savannah" first steamship to cross Atlantic, reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 days, mostly under sail) 16 Aug 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester â€“ a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester â€“ demand Parliamentary Reform â€“ mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
25	1820	Cato Street Conspiracy â€“ plot to assissinate British cabinet Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 29 Jan 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 Aug 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 Aug 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her â€“ George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her â€“ Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
26	1821	Faraday publishes "Principles of electro-magnetic rotation" Constable paints "The Hay Wain" 5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
27	1822	14 Jun 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
28	1823	New laws concerning marriage by licence â€“ 'very troublesome' according to some: "the Act was repealed, all in a hurry, at the beginning of the next session" Peel begins penal reforms death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 2 Dec 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
29	1824	RSPCA established Portland cement patented 4 Mar 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the "National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck" until 1854) 10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
30	1825	27 Sep 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens â€“ world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains

John RAINS 1796 - 1825

John RAINS
1796 - 1825